Representationalism and Antirepresentationalism - Kant, Davidson and Rorty :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Representationalism and Antirepresentationalism - Kant, Davidson and Rorty (1) ABSTRACT: The notions of representationalism and antirepresentationalism are introduced and used in contemporary philosophical discussions by Richard Rorty to describe his and the neopragmatists' attitude toward traditional problems of epistemology. Rorty means that the history of philosophy shows that there are no final answers to the traditional questions about knowledge, truth, and representation; consequently, they should be rejected. Rorty thinks such questions should be eliminated from philosophy since there is no possibility to get outside of our mind and language. We cannot say anything about a mind-transcendent or language-transcendent, nonlocal or eternal reality. Hilary Putnam agrees with Rorty on this, but not with the conclusion that we should reject traditional philosophical questions. For Putnam, the epistemological questions are worthwhile asking and, although we cannot find the final correct answers, we should continue our investigations as if there were final answer s. Our struggles with those problems can lead to refinements of the formulations and to cognitive developments. Putnam proposes a quasi-realism which is often called "internal realism." Rorty rejects every refinement of realism as still realism and believes that the questions of knowledge, truth, and representation lead to regresses ad infinitum or to circular reasoning. Probably few philosophers influenced so decisively the development of epistemology as Kant. Without him it is not possible to describe the last two hundred years of the history of philosophy as well as contemporary philosophy in general. On the other "end of the line" one of the most influential contemporary American philosophers Richard Rorty proposes that we should abandon epistemology and Kantian picture of representation. In this paper I pose the question, whether Rorty is thorougly succesful in his abandomnent. I try to investigate the differences and similarities of Kantian and Rortyan thinking with the help of the epistemological notion of representationalism and of the antiepistemological notion of antirepresentationalism. If it is possible to find crucial overlapping areas of both thinking, then there arises a dilemma: either Kant himself is a "Rortyan", postepistemological thinker, and this would be a surprizing new idea about Kantian philosophy or Rorty succeeds not comple tely to overcome the structures of Kantian-epistemological thinking. The notions representationalism and antirepresentationalism are introduced and used in contemporary philosophical discussions by Richard Rorty, to describe his and the neopragmatists attitude towards traditional problems of epistemology and "to make safe the world" for a "postepistemological" thinking. Rorty means, the history of philosophy showed, that there are no final answers to the traditional questions about "knowledge," "truth" and "representation"; (2) consequently they should be rejected.

Black Boy Essay

This novel focuses on the struggle for identity of a young black boy in the Deep South. It is a powerful testament of Richard Wright’s life which depicts a tale of hope and determination. Richard’s life growing up as an African American in the Jim Crow South, paints for the reader the economic and social struggle that were cliched for African Americans at the time. It follows young Richard through his youth, examining the hardships and obstacles faced by both him and his poverty-stricken family. Richard’s only thought is to find a haven outside the prison that is his family’s circumstances. Black Boy also shows a hunger in Richard not just for food but for acceptance, love and a sense of understanding about what is happening around him but most importantly he is seeking knowledge. Richard uses writing to explore and expand his mind but Richard discovers through an epiphany that writing will help him break out from the constraining worlds of racism, poverty and family. Throughout his life, Richard faces the need for a loving family to help and encourage him, but his family in a way, unknowingly help to form his independence. Richard’s family was unable to provide what a family is normally supposed to, which was love, acceptance, and security. Throughout his youth, he faced the need to be independent. Richard’s father was a terrible example to Richard of how an African-American man should act in the struggle of being black by drinking and womanizing. Richard’s mother was his true example and taught him how to carry himself. Richard’s Mother made him have to fight back whenever he felt that people were being unreasonable towards him. A prime example of this was when he is jumped and the grocery shopping money is constantly being taken from him, his mother just gives him a stick and gives him these words ‘‘If these boys bother you, then fight. † She does this only to make him strong and independent because she believes that this is only way not to be eaten up by the world. The social difference between African Americans and Caucasian society is quite evident in the book. Richard is continuously beaten both bodily and emotionally by white people who feel a sense of superiority being they are White and feel they have the born right to this black boy like nobody. The Novel gives a vivid depiction of this harsh treatment. Wright receives a job working at an optical shop in Jackson, and he is excited to learn all about the craft, there are two white men who are working there and refuse to teach him the craft. They harass Wright into hopes for him to leave the job by threatening him with physical violence and trying to break his pride of being an African American ‘Nigger you think you’ll ever amount to anything? If I was a nigger, I’d kill myself. † The two men torture Richard for their own personal enjoyment until they take it too far and almost kill him after that he quickly leaves the job. Ironically Wright meets he meets the first white man who has ever shown an ounce of a heart. This man is Mr. Crane, the owner of the optical shop. Mr. Crane cares deeply for Richard and his struggle, he is able to see Dante Harris African American Culture Book Critique 12/6/2013 Richard as a person unlike most. Richard realizes that there are people specifically white people who do not make colored people out to be an abomination. He himself doesn’t see the difference between white people and black people and doesn’t change the way he acts around either When Richard is very young, the reader can already tell that he is unlike the majority of the other Black boys of his time. He is passionate and yearns to read and write. He is hungry for knowledge and making the world a better place. Wright is never fully accepted even amongst his own people. When he is around other black boys they seem to be in confusion of Wright and he feels the same way towards them. Richard never settles to be normal. When Richard becomes associated with a group of communists, he decides to rebel against them even though he is alone and he knows that they will try and fight him. Instead of being ignorant to their cause Wright does some research for himself to fully understand what they fight for and their goals. The communist do not always accept him, but they do fear his unresolved to change his values. Richard is the independent member of the party, the only one who is willing to share his real thoughts and says what he feels no matter who is around if he feels something is unjust even if he will be by himself in his own corner. Wright’s greatest hunger is for knowledge itself. This drive for wanting to learn and know more is what sets him apart from everyone also causing the distance he has with others. Wright cares not for people but words. Seeking knowledge gives Richard a sense of purpose and direction in his life. This hunger causes him get an immense curiosity in the world. He begins to see his world for what it is but still questioned why, why the racial gap between blacks and whites. At a young age he questioned many adults around him, but never got an answer but rather harsh treatment for asking. He would constantly challenge authority. Wright wanted his knowledge base to grow so that he could answer his own questions. Wright is never given the opportunity to have a decent education. The streets were his only classroom in his life. Eventually he was able to go to public school where he excelled exponential. His family never fully supports him in his journey and make his studies difficult. Wright flees to Memphis where meets a Jewish man who helps him to continue his education by giving him his library card. Wright takes full advantage of this and opens every book he can. Wright begins to develop a new understanding of the world and what it takes to have a better life. In conclusion, Richard becomes independent from a very young age. He realizes that he cannot always rely on other people. Richard learns to be on his own needing no one as no one could help him or understand him. The reason wright chose to call this book black boy was because from the way he was raised and his experience made him think of himself as nothing more than a black boy. The word boy was used by southern whites to say that black men were unable to grow and mature. In this novel we see Wright break out of that prison and grow into manhood and surpass those around even at a young age. This novel gives the true depiction of the struggle African Americans in this time but.

Escaping the Cage of Marriage in Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s...

Escaping the Cage of Marriage in A Doll House A bird may have beautiful wings, but within a cage, the beautiful wings are useless. Within the cage, the bird is not fulfilling the potential for which it was created - it is merely a household decoration. In Ibsens symbolic play A Doll House, Nora is the bird, and her marriage is the cage. Externally, Nora is a beautiful creature entertaining her husband with the beautiful images of a docile wife, but internally, she is a desperate creature longing to explore her potential outside the cage of her marriage. In a society dominated by the expectations of men, Nora must choose between the obligations determined by her role as wife in opposition to the obligations of self, in†¦show more content†¦Like the marriage, the tree is center stage and requires the focus of the audience. While Torvald tells Nora how deceit poisons families, she is busy decorating the tree. Nora cannot believe she will destroy her family, poison her home (1582-1583). At the beginning of Act II, the tree is in the corner stripped of ornament with burned-downed candles littering the ragged branches (1583). Likewise, the Helmers marriage is no longer an image of beauty, but just an illusion of beauty. The relationship between Torvald and Nora is based on the assumption that women are beneath men. Torvald treats Nora like a girl would treat a doll. Torvald refers to Nora as his lark, squirrel, and his beautiful songbird throughout Ibsens play, except when he is angry; then she becomes a woman. Elaine Baruch adds insight: At the moments that Nora angers him by her seeming stubbornness, she becomes the terrifying creature, a woman, which is a term of abuse for Torvald [. . .]. He cannot handle her then, for she no longer fits into the doll house. (376) In Torvalds mind, she is his delicate little creature that he must protect, and without his guidance, he believes that she would be devoured by the world she is incapable of understanding. He treats her like a doll; for example, when Nora is talking with Mrs. Linde about the masquerade party, she says: Look, theres

Definition and Examples of Apologia in Rhetoric

Definition: In classical rhetoric, communication studies, and public relations, an apologia is a  speech that defends, justifies, and/or apologizes for an action or statement. Plural: apologia. Adjective: apologetic. Also known as a  speech of self-defense. In an article* in the Quarterly Journal of Speech (1973), B.L. Ware and W.A. Linkugel identified four common strategies in apologetic discourse: denial (directly or indirectly rejecting the substance, intent, or consequence of the questionable act) bolstering (attempting to enhance the image of the individual under attack) differentiation (distinguishing the questionable act from more serious or harmful actions) transcendence (placing the act in a different context) *They Spoke in Defense of Themselves: On the Generic Criticism of Apologia See Examples and Observations below. Also see: OratoryPersuasionRhetoric What Are the Three Branches of Rhetoric? EtymologyFrom the Greek, away from speech Examples and Observations There may be several purposes for apologia rhetoric, including to explain the behavior or statement in a positive light, justify the behavior to minimize damage to image and character, or remove the topic from public discussion so that other issues may be discussed.(Colleen E. Kelley, The Rhetoric of First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton: Crisis Management Discourse. Praeger, 2001) The Rhetoric of Damage ControlSome genres are so complex and high stakes that they require a special kind of rhetorical maneuvering and critical assessment. One such animal is what Aristotle called an apologia--or what we label today as the rhetoric of self-defense, damage-control, image-repair, or crisis management. . . .Its indebtedness to all three genres [deliberative, judicial, and epideictic], but its allegiance to none, makes the apologia a challenging rhetorical hybrid to create and critique (Campbell Huxman, 2003, pp. 293-294). . . . .The genre [of apologia] is a public purging of sins and a reaffirm ation of the ethical norms of society dressed up in theatrical proportions to bring pleasure to spectators; it is the most intimate form of secular discourse. Success in this arena requires a let it all hang out (remorse, pride, outrage) approach. The visual media are especially equipped to provide the excess and exaggeration that this type of theater demands.(Susan Schultz Huxman, Exigencies, Explanations, and Executions: Toward a Dynamic Theory of the Crisis Communications Genre. Responding to Crisis: A Rhetorical Approach to Crisis Communication, ed. by Dan P. Millar and Robert L. Heath. Lawrence Erlbaum, 2004) BP CEOs Apologia for the Gulf Oil Spill (May 31, 2010)The first thing to say is Im sorry. . . . We’re sorry for the massive disruption it’s caused their lives. There’s no one who wants this over more than I do. I would like my life back.†(Tony Hayward, televised speech in Venice, Louisiana, May 31, 2010) Bill Clintons Apologia: The Monica Lewinsk y Affair (Aug. 17, 1998)Good evening.This afternoon in this room, from this chair, I testified before the Office of Independent Counsel and the grand jury.I answered their questions truthfully, including questions about my private life, questions no American citizen would ever want to answer.Still, I must take complete responsibility for all my actions, both public and private. And that is why I am speaking to you tonight.As you know, in a deposition in January, I was asked questions about my relationship with Monica Lewinsky. While my answers were legally accurate, I did not volunteer information.Indeed, I did have a relationship with Miss Lewinsky that was not appropriate. In fact, it was wrong. It constituted a critical lapse in judgment and a personal failure on my part for which I am solely and completely responsible.But I told the grand jury today and I say to you now that at no time did I ask anyone to lie, to hide or destroy evidence or to take any other unlawful action.I kn ow that my public comments and my silence about this matter gave a false impression. I misled people, including even my wife. I deeply regret that.I can only tell you I was motivated by many factors. First, by a desire to protect myself from the embarrassment of my own conduct.I was also very concerned about protecting my family. The fact that these questions were being asked in a politically inspired lawsuit, which has since been dismissed, was a consideration, too.In addition, I had real and serious concerns about an independent counsel investigation that began with private business dealings 20 years ago, dealings I might add about which an independent federal agency found no evidence of any wrongdoing by me or my wife over two years ago.The independent counsel investigation moved on to my staff and friends, then into my private life. And now the investigation itself is under investigation.This has gone on too long, cost too much and hurt too many innocent people.Now, this matter is between me, the two people I love most--my wife and our daughter--and our God. I must put it right, and I am prepared to do whatever it takes to do so.Nothing is more important to me personally. But it is private, and I intend to reclaim my family life for my family. Its nobodys business but ours.Even presidents have private lives. It is time to stop the pursuit of personal destruction and the prying into private lives and get on with our national life.Our country has been distracted by this matter for too long, and I take my responsibility for my part in all of this. That is all I can do.Now it is time--in fact, it is past time to move on.We have important work to do--real opportunities to seize, real problems to solve, real security matters to face.And so tonight, I ask you to turn away from the spectacle of the past seven months, to repair the fabric of our national discourse, and to return our attention to all the challenges and all the promise of the next American century.Th ank you for watching. And good night.(President Bill Clinton, televised speech to the American public, August 17, 1998) Pronunciation: AP-eh-LOW-je-eh

Stanley Milgram s Theory Of Social Psychology - 1098 Words

Stanley Milgram was a well-known intelligent American social psychologist. He was born August 15, 1933 in New York. Before the presents of Stanley Milgram his parents Samuel and Adele Milgram were Jewish immigrants from the Eastern part of Europe. Around that time in Europe that was when Adolf Hitler was on the rise so Milgram parents hurried and fled to New York in America (Blass, 2004). While being in New York Milgram parents both had jobs as a baker and raised him and his other two siblings Marjorie Milgram and Joel Milgram (Blass, 2004). Growing up Milgram was always a brilliant child in 1950 he graduated from James Monroe High School and it had only took him 3 years to graduate. He was also a classmate of Philip Zimbardo who also became a successful psychologist later on in his career (Miller, 1997). Moving on, In 1954 Milgram earned his bachelor degree in political science from Queen College. Milgram always had the interest to learn about social problems (Miller, 1997). So over time in 1960 Milgram earned his doctorate degree from Harvard University and he was taught from a clever instructor Gordon Allport. At Harvard University he majored in social psychology which was mixed with a lot of social psychology, sociology, anthropology, and clinical psychology (Blass, 2004). After attending Harvard Milgram became an assistant teacher at Yale University. Furthermore, while Milgram was at Yale he did many psychological experiments. However one study thatShow MoreRelatedHistorical Reference Of Social Psychology1169 Words   |  5 Pages Historical Reference of Social Psychology Social psychology uses scientific methods to understand how people’s opinions and behaviors are influenced by the actual presence or the implied presence of others. Social psychology is an integrative field that builds the gap between psychology and sociology. Sociology, on the other hand, is the scientific study of human behavior. In addition, social psychology is a comparatively new field that originated in the early 20th century. In 1954 Gordon AllportRead MoreThe Causes Of Obedience From Research By Milgram ( 1974 ) And His Contemporaries1360 Words   |  6 Pagesresearch by Milgram (1974) and his Contemporaries. Stanley Milgram was a Psychologist at Yale. Obedience is an essential part in the format of humanity, and it’s destructiveness has been investigated throughout time. Stanley Milgram organized a research to test the destructiveness of obedience however, Milgram wanted to investigate why ordinary people are keen to obey an authority figure and commit evil deeds even when it goes against their beliefs. Milgram used social psychology concepts to explainRead MoreThe Milgram Experiment1142 Words   |  5 PagesThe Milgram Experiment Stanley Milgram, a famous social psychologist, and student of Solomon Asch, conducted a controversial experiment in 1961, investigating obedience to authority (1974). The experiment was held to see if a subject would do something an authority figure tells them, even if it conflicts with their personal beliefs and morals. He even once said, The social psychology of this century reveals a major lesson: often it is not so much the kind of person a man is as the kind of situationRead Moreâ€Å"In 1961, Stanley Milgram, A Psychologist At Yale University,872 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"In 1961, Stanley Milgram, a psychologist at Yale University, conducted an experiment on the conflict between obedience to authority and personal conscience. He examined the justifications for acts of genocide given by those accused at the World War II Nuremberg War Criminal trials. Their defense often was based on obedience,† and that they were just following orders from their superiors. The procedure was that the participant was paired with another person and they drew straws to find out who wouldRead MoreSocial Identity Theory And Fees Must Fall Protests Essay1257 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Identity Theory and Fees Must Fall Protests 1411588 Phoenix Falconer-Pincus Protests play a highly significant role in generating awareness of a certain topic, grievance or issue that may affect certain demographics or groups of people. The below essay aims to explore the connection between social and collective identity, and its influence and importance in protests. This will be done by discussing the â€Å"FeesMustFall† movement that was aimed at getting free tertiary education in South AfricaRead MoreMilgram Experiment : What Was The Intent?1571 Words   |  7 Pagesdid Hitler condemn so many people to death and question why he was hated by them?† Well that is exactly why Stanley Milgram conducted experiments to test how far an ordinary person would inflict pain onto a stranger. The Nazi killing was brutal and inhumane but the people conflicting death upon thousands felt no remorse or guilt so the Milgram Experiment was used to finally get answers. Milgram concluded that many will go to extreme lengths to obey authority and tend to believe w hat they are doing isRead MoreMilgram Experiment : What Was The Intent?1573 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Why did the subordinates of Adolph Hitler blindly follow his immoral orders?† Well, that is exactly why Stanley Milgram conducted experiments to test how far an ordinary person would go to inflict pain onto a stranger. The Nazi killing was brutal and inhumane, but the people conflicting death upon thousands felt no remorse or guilt so the Milgram Experiment was used to finally get answers. Milgram concluded that many will go to extreme lengths to obey authority and tend to believe what they are doingRead MoreSocial Psychology : An Individual1117 Words   |  5 Pagesmeaning of social psychology will be introduced. The differences and similarities social psychology shares with certain fields of psychology will be clarified throughout this essay. Specific subjects such as attitudes, group behaviors, and other related sources will be cited throughout this essay. Some of the r esearch methods used in social psychology to determine how individuals affect groups or how groups affect an individual will be discussed in this essay. Keywords: group behaviors, social cognitionRead MoreObedience Is The Psychological Mechanism That Links Individual Action1065 Words   |  5 Pagesindividual action to political purpose.† (Milgram, 1963). As a Psychologist at Yale University, Milgram proposed an experiment mainly focusing on the conflict between obedience to authority and personal conscience. In the 1960’s, Stanley Milgram analyzed justifications for genocide acts by those accused during World War II. The Nuremberg War Criminal trials, States the people were thought of them as simply following orders from their higher ranks. His theory focuses on how humans think and how it linksRead MoreResearch Paper On Milgram Experiment1787 Words   |  8 PagesMilgram Experiment Research Paper In 1961, Stanley Milgram, a psychologist at Yale University, conducted a controversial experiment on the conflict between obedience to authority and personal conscience. He examined the justifications for acts of genocide given by those accused at the World War II Nuremberg War Criminal trials. Their defense often was based on obedience,† and that they were â€Å"just following orders from their superiors† (McLeod, Saul. Milgram Experiment, Simply Psychology). The procedure

How to Make Draft Essay from This Outline Free Essays

COMM 180Winter 2013Karen Crawford Hill Research Essay Outline—Due Week 7 Student Name Number: Amandeep Cheema 300673568 Topic Number: (from assignment sheet): 2 Topic Name: (demonstrate your understanding by briefly explaining the topic in your own words, e. g. , characterization, theme, plot, social message/interpretation, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Make Draft Essay from This Outline or any similar topic only for you Order Now ) A theme is a piece of writing, a talk, or a discussion of an important idea or subject that run through it. In another word we can say that a theme is the central idea or ideas explored by a literary work and in order to identify the theme of the story, we need to composite, or assemble, the aspects of imagination that we gathered from investigation, and regard the story as a whole Relevant Textbook Unit(s): (identify the Unit number and name from SAU that relates to your chosen topic. Note: this is not necessarily the same unit in which your stories appear): Unit 2 â€Å"Types of characters† (p. 35), Unit 2 â€Å"Characterization† (p. 37), Unit 4 â€Å"Cultural and social setting† (p. 15), Unit 6 â€Å"Theme and interpretation† (p. 190). Primary Sources: (Required—two stories from Stories About Us) 1. A Handful of Dates 2. The Stolen Party Draft Main Points: (3 points, each relating to both stories) 1. The writers of both the stories use the method of characterization to create and portray characters. 2. The characters of both the stories had gone throug h certain experiences which they had encountered or undergone in the course of time. 3. Consequences which they met at the end of the stories for something which happened earlier. Draft Thesis Statement: (1—2 sentences; include subject, readings, and main points) The author of the story â€Å"A Handful of Dates† and the author of the story â€Å"The Stolen Party† are from different culture but treat a common theme of disillusionment. In my opinion characterization, experiences, and consequences are the most important aspects of these two stories. Planned Development: (Identify support from primary sources for main points; expand table by adding rows or sections as necessary) Point 1: (briefly restate your main point): The writers of both the stories use the method of characterization to create and portray characters. Story 1 Examples| Page| Story 2 Examples| Page| The strange thing was he never use to go out go out with his father, rather it was my grandfather. | 21 (5)| â€Å"Rich people go to Heaven too,† said the girl, who studied religion at school. | 27 (5)| Unlike other children, he used to love to go to the mosque to learn the Koran. | 22 (10)| â€Å"Get away with Heaven,† said the mother. â€Å"The problem with you, young lady, is that you like to fart higher than your ass. †| 27 (10)| As for his beard, it was soft and luxuriant and as white as cotton-wool—never in my life have I seen anything of a purer whiteness or great beauty. 22 (25)| Rosaure loved everything in the big house and she also loved the people who lived there. | 28 (25)| | | | | Point 2: (briefly restate your main point): The characters of both the stories had gone through certain experiences which they had encountered or undergone in the course of time. Story 1 Examples| Page| Story 2 Examples | Page| â€Å"Yes my boy, forty years ago all this belonged to Masood-two-thirds of it is now mine. † | 23 (55)| Rosaura was the only one allowed into the kitchen. | 29 (55)| â€Å"I didn’t own a single feddan when I first set foot in this village. Masood was then the owner of all these riches. | 23 (60)| Rosaura felt she had never been so happy in all her life. | 30 (95)| He remembered that Masood remark to him â€Å"Palm trees, my boy, like humans, experience joy and suffering. † And I had felt an inward and unreasoned embarrassment. | 24 (100)| Rosaura thought that this was truly the most amusing party in the whole world. | 30 (115)| I looked at Masood and saw that his eyes were darting about to left and right like two mice that have lost their way home. | 25 (130)| | | Point 3: (briefly restate your main point): Consequences which they met at the end of the stories for something which happened earlier. Story 1 Examples| Page| Story 2 Examples| Page| I felt myself drawing close to Masood. | 25 (135)| Rosaura also leaned forward, stretching out her arm. But she never completed the movement. | 32 (175)| For some unknown reason, I experienced a sharp sensation of pain in my chest. | 25 (140)| â€Å"You really and truly earned this,† she said handing them over. â€Å"Thank you for all your help, my pet. †| 32 (180)| I felt at that moment that I hated him. 25 (140)| Rosaura felt her arms stiffen, stick close to her body, and then she noticed her mother’s hand on her shoulder. | 32 (180)| Then, without knowing why, I put my finger into my throat and spewed up the dates I’d eaten. | 25 (145)| Rosaura’s eyes had a cold, clear look that fixed itself on Senora Ines’s face. | 32 (185)| Secondary Sources: (Required†”identify at least 2 appropriate, i. e. , literature specific, sources with APA documentation) 1. Hassan, W. S. (2003). Tayeb Salih: Ideology the craft of fiction. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. 2. Diaz, G. (2007). Women and power in Argentine literature: Stories, interviews, and critical essays. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. 3. Dasgupta, G. , Mei, J. , J. (2005). Character and characterization. In G. Dasgupta J. J. Mei (Eds. ), Stories about us (pp. 37). Toronto, ON: Nelson. 4. Liliana Heker. (2003). In Contemporary Authors Online. Retrieved from Literature Resource Center. 5. Khan, R. Y. (2001). Childhood and modern Arabic literature: The initiation story. Arabic Middle Eastern Literatures, 4(2), 167-178. doi:10. 1080/13666160120057277 OPTIONAL: Other Possible Secondary Sources: (Optional: secondary sources from program course material or GNED 500 material, or other non-literature-specific sources, with APA documentation) ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Planned Development: (Identify support for main points; expand table by adding rows or sections) Note: At this stage of essay development, it is not necessary to complete all sections of this table, but you should provide at least one item of secondary source support for each of your main points) Point 1: (briefly restate your main point): The writers of both the stories use the method of characterization to creat e and portray characters. Story 1 Examples Secondary Source Support| Page| Story 2 Examples Secondary Source Support| Page| Masood, like Sheikh, is a loving and kind-hearted man who is deeply attached to his palm trees. (Diaz, G. 2007, p. 33)| 33| Implicit presentation of characters in action which is used primarily through dialogue and action of characters in a story (Dasgupta, G. , Mei, J. , J. , 2005, p. 38) | | 38| | | | | Point 2: (briefly restate your main point): The characters of both the stories had gone through certain experiences which they had encountered or undergone in the course of time. Story 1 Examples Secondary Source Support| Page| Story 2 Examples Secondary Source Support| Page| He has so far imagined that the field and playground â€Å"belonged to my grandfather ever since God’s creation,† turn out to have belonged to Masood(Diaz, G. , 2007, p. 4)| 34| Her memories of her childhood are quite clear and insightful- perhaps the reason for the numerou s stories she had written about children. (Hassan, W. S. , 2003, p. 185) | | 185| | | | | | | | | Point 3: (briefly restate your main point): Consequences which they met at the end of the stories for something which happened earlier. Story 1 Examples Secondary Source Support| Page| Story 2 Examples Secondary Source Support| Page| It is a fall from childhood innocence that comes about with knowledge. (Diaz, G. , 2007, p. 34)| 34| What she discovers is that she has just begun her own training in servitude. (â€Å"Liliana Heker,† 2003, para. 2) | | | | | | | | | | | | How to cite How to Make Draft Essay from This Outline, Essay examples

Sales Management of Apple Company Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Sales Management of Apple Company. Answer: Company Profile Apple Company is considered as one of the greatest companies in the digital industry. It is an American multinational technology company and headquarter is in California. There are 406 retail stores globally. The tagline of the company is "Think Different". The company designs, develops and also offers online services. The hardware products of the company consist of iPhone smartphones, Mac personal computer. The first generation iPhone was released in the US on June 29, 2007. The main success of the company is to analyze its competitors and also help in enhancing themarketing campaigns and strategies. iPhone is one of the products of apple and it gives direct influence on the brand. The company introduced many models in the market and it has given enhancement in the profitability and growth of the organization. Apple deals in computer hardware and software, consumer electronics and also in the digital distribution of the industries. Goals The goal of the company is not to make money but to offer effective products. The company also introduced different models of iPhone in the market that has given positive impact and also enhanced the profitability of the organization. The main goal of the organization is to maintain the competitive strategy and also the company gives main focus on enhancing the sale of the product in the market (Pisano, 2015). By considering iPhone the company takes into consideration effective strategies that induce customers to buy the product. There are many other goals that are considered by the company and that are: By introducing various models the main goals of the company is to enhance the revenue and also to attract more and more customers towards the product. Also, the company should give emphasis on enhancing the satisfaction level of the customers. To enhance the market share of the company by taking into consideration effective marketing strategies. Online share is also one of the company goals. By selling iPhone online the company wants to attain the large market share. Target Market iPhone is considered as a renowned brand for the people who belong from the business background. The software that exists is well established and also compatible with various products in the market. The company gives the main emphasis on the corporate people and also on teenagers. Corporate people rely on the technology as it will help to communicate and coordinate with each other. To enhance the sale of iPhone the company should give focus on the people who belong from the corporate background and the young and rich teenagers (Grant, 2016). As the cost of the product is high, so it will be difficult for the people to buy the product. So the main target should be, on the person who has a high purchasing power. The second consumer targets are high school, college and graduate students who require one portable multifunction device. The targeted age group should be from 15 to 25 years. This segment group replaces their iPods and cell phones with the iPhone. As there is a high level of c ompetition in the market, so it is essential that the product that is offered by the company should satisfy the needs and wants of the consumers. Also, the goodwill of the company plays a great role to enhance the market demand of the product. If the goodwill of the company is effective, then it is seen that the company can easily attain the goals and objectives in an effective manner. Measurement Measurement of the performance and growth plays a significant role and it helps to access the actual position of the product in the market. By tracking the bottom lines sales revenue is not sufficient to give exact information. It is essential to know how the products are sold by considering price, distribution channel, and profit margin. For effective measurement, it is important that the company should use the tools for measuring the sales and also adopt the changes in the market conditions. So, for measurement the company should consider the following analysis: Distribution analysis: It is important to measure that where the product is sold in the market and also to see that where the sales efforts are best spent. It is cheaper to sell the product online. By offering the product online, it is seen that the company should promote the product. In the recent scenario, the consumer purchases the items from different online shopping websites. So for measuring exact position, the company should measure the distribution analysis, where the products are distributed and what are the effective sources of selling the product. There are many consumers who prefer to purchase the item through online and also there are various consumers who are interested in purchasing the product from retail outlets. So, the company can easily measure the position in the market by considering distribution analysis (Cho, Kumar Telang, 2014). Market Analysis: The Company should also consider the market analysis. The market analysis helps to gain knowledge about the consumers. By conducting market analysis the need and want of the consumers are analyzed. So before introducing the product in the market, the company should conduct a proper analysis that helps to enhance the sale of the product. Purchasing behavior and buying capacity of the consumers are also analyzed by conducting effective market Analysis. The company should also give emphasis on promoting the product in the market. The promotion can be done effectively by considering print media, by introducing exchange offers and should bring modification in the payment plans (Ling, Fern, Huat, Boon Lee, 2014). Conclusion So, it is concluded that for enhancing the sale of iPhone, it is very important for the company to consider effective marketing strategies and also by giving focus on different analysis. The company can easily attain the large market share if the correct measures are considered. For enhancing the sale of iPhone the company should also give focus on the business class and teenagers. The target market for the product should be the people who belong from a high-level background and also the teenagers. References Cho, D., Kumar, A., Telang, R. (2014). The impact of iphone exclusivity arrangement on demand for smartphones. Grant, R. M. (2016).Contemporary Strategy Analysis Text Only. John Wiley Sons. Ling, G. M., Fern, Y. S., Huat, T. S., Boon, L. K., Lee, T. S. (2014). Applied-information Technology for Brand Image towards the Usage of iPhone. InAdvanced Materials Research(Vol. 977, pp. 491-495). Trans Tech Publications. Pisano, G. P. (2015). You need an innovation strategy.Harvard Business Review,93(6), 44-54.