Definition and Examples of Apologia in Rhetoric

Definition: In classical rhetoric, communication studies, and public relations, an apologia is a  speech that defends, justifies, and/or apologizes for an action or statement. Plural: apologia. Adjective: apologetic. Also known as a  speech of self-defense. In an article* in the Quarterly Journal of Speech (1973), B.L. Ware and W.A. Linkugel identified four common strategies in apologetic discourse: denial (directly or indirectly rejecting the substance, intent, or consequence of the questionable act) bolstering (attempting to enhance the image of the individual under attack) differentiation (distinguishing the questionable act from more serious or harmful actions) transcendence (placing the act in a different context) *They Spoke in Defense of Themselves: On the Generic Criticism of Apologia See Examples and Observations below. Also see: OratoryPersuasionRhetoric What Are the Three Branches of Rhetoric? EtymologyFrom the Greek, away from speech Examples and Observations There may be several purposes for apologia rhetoric, including to explain the behavior or statement in a positive light, justify the behavior to minimize damage to image and character, or remove the topic from public discussion so that other issues may be discussed.(Colleen E. Kelley, The Rhetoric of First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton: Crisis Management Discourse. Praeger, 2001) The Rhetoric of Damage ControlSome genres are so complex and high stakes that they require a special kind of rhetorical maneuvering and critical assessment. One such animal is what Aristotle called an apologia--or what we label today as the rhetoric of self-defense, damage-control, image-repair, or crisis management. . . .Its indebtedness to all three genres [deliberative, judicial, and epideictic], but its allegiance to none, makes the apologia a challenging rhetorical hybrid to create and critique (Campbell Huxman, 2003, pp. 293-294). . . . .The genre [of apologia] is a public purging of sins and a reaffirm ation of the ethical norms of society dressed up in theatrical proportions to bring pleasure to spectators; it is the most intimate form of secular discourse. Success in this arena requires a let it all hang out (remorse, pride, outrage) approach. The visual media are especially equipped to provide the excess and exaggeration that this type of theater demands.(Susan Schultz Huxman, Exigencies, Explanations, and Executions: Toward a Dynamic Theory of the Crisis Communications Genre. Responding to Crisis: A Rhetorical Approach to Crisis Communication, ed. by Dan P. Millar and Robert L. Heath. Lawrence Erlbaum, 2004) BP CEOs Apologia for the Gulf Oil Spill (May 31, 2010)The first thing to say is Im sorry. . . . We’re sorry for the massive disruption it’s caused their lives. There’s no one who wants this over more than I do. I would like my life back.†(Tony Hayward, televised speech in Venice, Louisiana, May 31, 2010) Bill Clintons Apologia: The Monica Lewinsk y Affair (Aug. 17, 1998)Good evening.This afternoon in this room, from this chair, I testified before the Office of Independent Counsel and the grand jury.I answered their questions truthfully, including questions about my private life, questions no American citizen would ever want to answer.Still, I must take complete responsibility for all my actions, both public and private. And that is why I am speaking to you tonight.As you know, in a deposition in January, I was asked questions about my relationship with Monica Lewinsky. While my answers were legally accurate, I did not volunteer information.Indeed, I did have a relationship with Miss Lewinsky that was not appropriate. In fact, it was wrong. It constituted a critical lapse in judgment and a personal failure on my part for which I am solely and completely responsible.But I told the grand jury today and I say to you now that at no time did I ask anyone to lie, to hide or destroy evidence or to take any other unlawful action.I kn ow that my public comments and my silence about this matter gave a false impression. I misled people, including even my wife. I deeply regret that.I can only tell you I was motivated by many factors. First, by a desire to protect myself from the embarrassment of my own conduct.I was also very concerned about protecting my family. The fact that these questions were being asked in a politically inspired lawsuit, which has since been dismissed, was a consideration, too.In addition, I had real and serious concerns about an independent counsel investigation that began with private business dealings 20 years ago, dealings I might add about which an independent federal agency found no evidence of any wrongdoing by me or my wife over two years ago.The independent counsel investigation moved on to my staff and friends, then into my private life. And now the investigation itself is under investigation.This has gone on too long, cost too much and hurt too many innocent people.Now, this matter is between me, the two people I love most--my wife and our daughter--and our God. I must put it right, and I am prepared to do whatever it takes to do so.Nothing is more important to me personally. But it is private, and I intend to reclaim my family life for my family. Its nobodys business but ours.Even presidents have private lives. It is time to stop the pursuit of personal destruction and the prying into private lives and get on with our national life.Our country has been distracted by this matter for too long, and I take my responsibility for my part in all of this. That is all I can do.Now it is time--in fact, it is past time to move on.We have important work to do--real opportunities to seize, real problems to solve, real security matters to face.And so tonight, I ask you to turn away from the spectacle of the past seven months, to repair the fabric of our national discourse, and to return our attention to all the challenges and all the promise of the next American century.Th ank you for watching. And good night.(President Bill Clinton, televised speech to the American public, August 17, 1998) Pronunciation: AP-eh-LOW-je-eh

Stanley Milgram s Theory Of Social Psychology - 1098 Words

Stanley Milgram was a well-known intelligent American social psychologist. He was born August 15, 1933 in New York. Before the presents of Stanley Milgram his parents Samuel and Adele Milgram were Jewish immigrants from the Eastern part of Europe. Around that time in Europe that was when Adolf Hitler was on the rise so Milgram parents hurried and fled to New York in America (Blass, 2004). While being in New York Milgram parents both had jobs as a baker and raised him and his other two siblings Marjorie Milgram and Joel Milgram (Blass, 2004). Growing up Milgram was always a brilliant child in 1950 he graduated from James Monroe High School and it had only took him 3 years to graduate. He was also a classmate of Philip Zimbardo who also became a successful psychologist later on in his career (Miller, 1997). Moving on, In 1954 Milgram earned his bachelor degree in political science from Queen College. Milgram always had the interest to learn about social problems (Miller, 1997). So over time in 1960 Milgram earned his doctorate degree from Harvard University and he was taught from a clever instructor Gordon Allport. At Harvard University he majored in social psychology which was mixed with a lot of social psychology, sociology, anthropology, and clinical psychology (Blass, 2004). After attending Harvard Milgram became an assistant teacher at Yale University. Furthermore, while Milgram was at Yale he did many psychological experiments. However one study thatShow MoreRelatedHistorical Reference Of Social Psychology1169 Words   |  5 Pages Historical Reference of Social Psychology Social psychology uses scientific methods to understand how people’s opinions and behaviors are influenced by the actual presence or the implied presence of others. Social psychology is an integrative field that builds the gap between psychology and sociology. Sociology, on the other hand, is the scientific study of human behavior. 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How to Make Draft Essay from This Outline Free Essays

COMM 180Winter 2013Karen Crawford Hill Research Essay Outline—Due Week 7 Student Name Number: Amandeep Cheema 300673568 Topic Number: (from assignment sheet): 2 Topic Name: (demonstrate your understanding by briefly explaining the topic in your own words, e. g. , characterization, theme, plot, social message/interpretation, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Make Draft Essay from This Outline or any similar topic only for you Order Now ) A theme is a piece of writing, a talk, or a discussion of an important idea or subject that run through it. In another word we can say that a theme is the central idea or ideas explored by a literary work and in order to identify the theme of the story, we need to composite, or assemble, the aspects of imagination that we gathered from investigation, and regard the story as a whole Relevant Textbook Unit(s): (identify the Unit number and name from SAU that relates to your chosen topic. Note: this is not necessarily the same unit in which your stories appear): Unit 2 â€Å"Types of characters† (p. 35), Unit 2 â€Å"Characterization† (p. 37), Unit 4 â€Å"Cultural and social setting† (p. 15), Unit 6 â€Å"Theme and interpretation† (p. 190). Primary Sources: (Required—two stories from Stories About Us) 1. A Handful of Dates 2. The Stolen Party Draft Main Points: (3 points, each relating to both stories) 1. The writers of both the stories use the method of characterization to create and portray characters. 2. The characters of both the stories had gone throug h certain experiences which they had encountered or undergone in the course of time. 3. Consequences which they met at the end of the stories for something which happened earlier. Draft Thesis Statement: (1—2 sentences; include subject, readings, and main points) The author of the story â€Å"A Handful of Dates† and the author of the story â€Å"The Stolen Party† are from different culture but treat a common theme of disillusionment. In my opinion characterization, experiences, and consequences are the most important aspects of these two stories. Planned Development: (Identify support from primary sources for main points; expand table by adding rows or sections as necessary) Point 1: (briefly restate your main point): The writers of both the stories use the method of characterization to create and portray characters. Story 1 Examples| Page| Story 2 Examples| Page| The strange thing was he never use to go out go out with his father, rather it was my grandfather. | 21 (5)| â€Å"Rich people go to Heaven too,† said the girl, who studied religion at school. | 27 (5)| Unlike other children, he used to love to go to the mosque to learn the Koran. | 22 (10)| â€Å"Get away with Heaven,† said the mother. â€Å"The problem with you, young lady, is that you like to fart higher than your ass. †| 27 (10)| As for his beard, it was soft and luxuriant and as white as cotton-wool—never in my life have I seen anything of a purer whiteness or great beauty. 22 (25)| Rosaure loved everything in the big house and she also loved the people who lived there. | 28 (25)| | | | | Point 2: (briefly restate your main point): The characters of both the stories had gone through certain experiences which they had encountered or undergone in the course of time. Story 1 Examples| Page| Story 2 Examples | Page| â€Å"Yes my boy, forty years ago all this belonged to Masood-two-thirds of it is now mine. † | 23 (55)| Rosaura was the only one allowed into the kitchen. | 29 (55)| â€Å"I didn’t own a single feddan when I first set foot in this village. Masood was then the owner of all these riches. | 23 (60)| Rosaura felt she had never been so happy in all her life. | 30 (95)| He remembered that Masood remark to him â€Å"Palm trees, my boy, like humans, experience joy and suffering. † And I had felt an inward and unreasoned embarrassment. | 24 (100)| Rosaura thought that this was truly the most amusing party in the whole world. | 30 (115)| I looked at Masood and saw that his eyes were darting about to left and right like two mice that have lost their way home. | 25 (130)| | | Point 3: (briefly restate your main point): Consequences which they met at the end of the stories for something which happened earlier. Story 1 Examples| Page| Story 2 Examples| Page| I felt myself drawing close to Masood. | 25 (135)| Rosaura also leaned forward, stretching out her arm. But she never completed the movement. | 32 (175)| For some unknown reason, I experienced a sharp sensation of pain in my chest. | 25 (140)| â€Å"You really and truly earned this,† she said handing them over. â€Å"Thank you for all your help, my pet. †| 32 (180)| I felt at that moment that I hated him. 25 (140)| Rosaura felt her arms stiffen, stick close to her body, and then she noticed her mother’s hand on her shoulder. | 32 (180)| Then, without knowing why, I put my finger into my throat and spewed up the dates I’d eaten. | 25 (145)| Rosaura’s eyes had a cold, clear look that fixed itself on Senora Ines’s face. | 32 (185)| Secondary Sources: (Required†”identify at least 2 appropriate, i. e. , literature specific, sources with APA documentation) 1. Hassan, W. S. (2003). Tayeb Salih: Ideology the craft of fiction. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. 2. Diaz, G. (2007). Women and power in Argentine literature: Stories, interviews, and critical essays. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. 3. Dasgupta, G. , Mei, J. , J. (2005). Character and characterization. In G. Dasgupta J. J. Mei (Eds. ), Stories about us (pp. 37). Toronto, ON: Nelson. 4. Liliana Heker. (2003). In Contemporary Authors Online. Retrieved from Literature Resource Center. 5. Khan, R. Y. (2001). Childhood and modern Arabic literature: The initiation story. Arabic Middle Eastern Literatures, 4(2), 167-178. doi:10. 1080/13666160120057277 OPTIONAL: Other Possible Secondary Sources: (Optional: secondary sources from program course material or GNED 500 material, or other non-literature-specific sources, with APA documentation) ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Planned Development: (Identify support for main points; expand table by adding rows or sections) Note: At this stage of essay development, it is not necessary to complete all sections of this table, but you should provide at least one item of secondary source support for each of your main points) Point 1: (briefly restate your main point): The writers of both the stories use the method of characterization to creat e and portray characters. Story 1 Examples Secondary Source Support| Page| Story 2 Examples Secondary Source Support| Page| Masood, like Sheikh, is a loving and kind-hearted man who is deeply attached to his palm trees. (Diaz, G. 2007, p. 33)| 33| Implicit presentation of characters in action which is used primarily through dialogue and action of characters in a story (Dasgupta, G. , Mei, J. , J. , 2005, p. 38) | | 38| | | | | Point 2: (briefly restate your main point): The characters of both the stories had gone through certain experiences which they had encountered or undergone in the course of time. Story 1 Examples Secondary Source Support| Page| Story 2 Examples Secondary Source Support| Page| He has so far imagined that the field and playground â€Å"belonged to my grandfather ever since God’s creation,† turn out to have belonged to Masood(Diaz, G. , 2007, p. 4)| 34| Her memories of her childhood are quite clear and insightful- perhaps the reason for the numerou s stories she had written about children. (Hassan, W. S. , 2003, p. 185) | | 185| | | | | | | | | Point 3: (briefly restate your main point): Consequences which they met at the end of the stories for something which happened earlier. Story 1 Examples Secondary Source Support| Page| Story 2 Examples Secondary Source Support| Page| It is a fall from childhood innocence that comes about with knowledge. (Diaz, G. , 2007, p. 34)| 34| What she discovers is that she has just begun her own training in servitude. (â€Å"Liliana Heker,† 2003, para. 2) | | | | | | | | | | | | How to cite How to Make Draft Essay from This Outline, Essay examples

Sales Management of Apple Company Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Sales Management of Apple Company. Answer: Company Profile Apple Company is considered as one of the greatest companies in the digital industry. It is an American multinational technology company and headquarter is in California. There are 406 retail stores globally. The tagline of the company is "Think Different". The company designs, develops and also offers online services. The hardware products of the company consist of iPhone smartphones, Mac personal computer. The first generation iPhone was released in the US on June 29, 2007. The main success of the company is to analyze its competitors and also help in enhancing themarketing campaigns and strategies. iPhone is one of the products of apple and it gives direct influence on the brand. The company introduced many models in the market and it has given enhancement in the profitability and growth of the organization. Apple deals in computer hardware and software, consumer electronics and also in the digital distribution of the industries. Goals The goal of the company is not to make money but to offer effective products. The company also introduced different models of iPhone in the market that has given positive impact and also enhanced the profitability of the organization. The main goal of the organization is to maintain the competitive strategy and also the company gives main focus on enhancing the sale of the product in the market (Pisano, 2015). By considering iPhone the company takes into consideration effective strategies that induce customers to buy the product. There are many other goals that are considered by the company and that are: By introducing various models the main goals of the company is to enhance the revenue and also to attract more and more customers towards the product. Also, the company should give emphasis on enhancing the satisfaction level of the customers. To enhance the market share of the company by taking into consideration effective marketing strategies. Online share is also one of the company goals. By selling iPhone online the company wants to attain the large market share. Target Market iPhone is considered as a renowned brand for the people who belong from the business background. The software that exists is well established and also compatible with various products in the market. The company gives the main emphasis on the corporate people and also on teenagers. Corporate people rely on the technology as it will help to communicate and coordinate with each other. To enhance the sale of iPhone the company should give focus on the people who belong from the corporate background and the young and rich teenagers (Grant, 2016). As the cost of the product is high, so it will be difficult for the people to buy the product. So the main target should be, on the person who has a high purchasing power. The second consumer targets are high school, college and graduate students who require one portable multifunction device. The targeted age group should be from 15 to 25 years. This segment group replaces their iPods and cell phones with the iPhone. As there is a high level of c ompetition in the market, so it is essential that the product that is offered by the company should satisfy the needs and wants of the consumers. Also, the goodwill of the company plays a great role to enhance the market demand of the product. If the goodwill of the company is effective, then it is seen that the company can easily attain the goals and objectives in an effective manner. Measurement Measurement of the performance and growth plays a significant role and it helps to access the actual position of the product in the market. By tracking the bottom lines sales revenue is not sufficient to give exact information. It is essential to know how the products are sold by considering price, distribution channel, and profit margin. For effective measurement, it is important that the company should use the tools for measuring the sales and also adopt the changes in the market conditions. So, for measurement the company should consider the following analysis: Distribution analysis: It is important to measure that where the product is sold in the market and also to see that where the sales efforts are best spent. It is cheaper to sell the product online. By offering the product online, it is seen that the company should promote the product. In the recent scenario, the consumer purchases the items from different online shopping websites. So for measuring exact position, the company should measure the distribution analysis, where the products are distributed and what are the effective sources of selling the product. There are many consumers who prefer to purchase the item through online and also there are various consumers who are interested in purchasing the product from retail outlets. So, the company can easily measure the position in the market by considering distribution analysis (Cho, Kumar Telang, 2014). Market Analysis: The Company should also consider the market analysis. The market analysis helps to gain knowledge about the consumers. By conducting market analysis the need and want of the consumers are analyzed. So before introducing the product in the market, the company should conduct a proper analysis that helps to enhance the sale of the product. Purchasing behavior and buying capacity of the consumers are also analyzed by conducting effective market Analysis. The company should also give emphasis on promoting the product in the market. The promotion can be done effectively by considering print media, by introducing exchange offers and should bring modification in the payment plans (Ling, Fern, Huat, Boon Lee, 2014). Conclusion So, it is concluded that for enhancing the sale of iPhone, it is very important for the company to consider effective marketing strategies and also by giving focus on different analysis. The company can easily attain the large market share if the correct measures are considered. For enhancing the sale of iPhone the company should also give focus on the business class and teenagers. The target market for the product should be the people who belong from a high-level background and also the teenagers. References Cho, D., Kumar, A., Telang, R. (2014). The impact of iphone exclusivity arrangement on demand for smartphones. Grant, R. M. (2016).Contemporary Strategy Analysis Text Only. John Wiley Sons. Ling, G. M., Fern, Y. S., Huat, T. S., Boon, L. K., Lee, T. S. (2014). Applied-information Technology for Brand Image towards the Usage of iPhone. InAdvanced Materials Research(Vol. 977, pp. 491-495). Trans Tech Publications. Pisano, G. P. (2015). You need an innovation strategy.Harvard Business Review,93(6), 44-54.